Volume 9, Number 1
CONTENTS
4 LETTER FROM EUROPE by Daniel Knop
7 EDITOR’S PAGE by James M. Lawrence
8 LETTERS
10 REEF NEWS
22 RARITIES: Harlequin Hind, Cephalopholis polleni, by Scott W. Michael
30 VIEWPOINT by Martin A. Moe, Jr.
FEATURE ARTICLES
42 PROFESSIONAL CULTURE OF STONY CORALS by Daniel Knop
50 ORA: CULTURING CORALS BY THE THOUSANDS
Marine ornamental aquaculture in Florida by Matt Pedersen
56 INLAND CORAL FARMING
A tour of the facilities of Jürgen Wendel by Daniel Knop
63 THE FUTURE OF AQUACULTURE
Creating a greener, sustainable hobby by Morgan Mok
66 CONQUERING THE BREEDING BOTTLENECK
Success with 8 pelagic-spawning species by Matthew L. Wittenrich
68 RHINOPIAS REDUX by Scott W. Michael
76 SOLID POLYMERS FOR NUTRIENT CONTROL
A guide to biopellets and “solid carbon” by Murray W. Camp
90 TRAVEL: BLUE!
Coral Reefs at Moogadali by Professor Ellen Thaler
AQUARIUM PORTRAIT
99 AN AQUARIUM FOR HELMUT by Martin Sebald
DEPARTMENTS
107 SPECIES SPOTLIGHT: Green Sea Mat by Daniel Knop
121 REEFKEEPING 101: Not so cheap equipment by Daniel Knop
118 CORALEXICON: Technical terms that appear in this issue
122 SOURCES & SUSTAINABILITY: Hawai’i debates ban on aquarium collection by Ret Talbot
126 ADVERTISER INDEX
128 REEF LIFE: by Larry P. Tackett
John C Gern says:
Looking for Tophat for my brackish 55g tank. Are you aware of any available?kay says:
Amazing!great informationDr. Reza Farrokh says:
MessageMarty says:
Sumer, Thank you for your well written and comprehensive article. I enjoyed it very much and it is not too long at all. I have kept bettas for about 60 years. My first pair spawned in a one gallon glass pickle jar, only one male survived to maturity. You wrote that your water is less than 10 TDS. I assume you start with RO/DI water. What and how much do you add to get to 10 TDS? In the egg exchange portion of the video, the male's right operculum appears to be slightly malformed (too short). Is there a malformation or just a camera angle? I have seen 2 males with a malformed operculum. Too many inbred fish? I've been giving the 2-3 day swallowing problem some thought. This 2-3 day or sometimes 5-7 day period from spawning to swallowing is consistently seen by many people trying to raise Macs. It can't be that everyone startles their holding males on day 2 or day 5 and that makes them swallow the eggs. It seems to me that this behavior may be an instinctive response to non viable eggs. Somehow the male fish gets a signal (probably chemical) from the "rotting eggs" and that triggers the swallowing. The male swallows the eggs rather than spits them in order to conserve energy. Fish sperm motility (swimming speed and duration) is strongly affected by the make up of the water, particularly the osmolarity. So TDS, or a very narrow range, may be THE factor that determines whether the sperm fertilizes the eggs and whether he swallows. Currently, I have 16 adult Macs. I keep the pH at 5.5-5.8, the TDS less than 30 ppm. In one 10 gallon tank there are 2 males and 1 female. The males chased each other at first. Now they watch each other, but there has been no damage to either. The female previously spawned with each of the 2 males in a 50+ gallon grow-out tank. I put them together hoping the female would spawn with each male in an alternating pattern. But today she spawned with both males, one after the other. it took about 7 hours. Both males are holding now. The female is resting. What do you feed fry? I feed live BBS, and very finely ground Betta Bug Bites. Then switch to frozen Daphnia, fruit flies and white worms. MartySumer Tiwari says:
Joseph, I too have heard that it can be done but have never done it myself or seen anyone else do it. Since the males are known to eat the whole brood, I would suspect that it'd be very hard to strip the male of the fry.The male might just swallow the whole brood when the keeper would approach to catch the male. Do you keep Betta macrostoma? Have you heard or seen someone practice "stripping" with Betta macrostoma male?Sea & Reef's Longfin Storms! says:
[…] The name should have made the genetic combination rather obvious already; this is the combination of both the Storm and Snowflake genes, overlaid on a “black” base. Sea & Reef does not lay claim to the invention fo the Snow Storm Clownfish; this combination was first introduced by Florida-based ORA in late 2019. […]